31.1 Centos系统上使用rpm管理安装包
安装，卸载，更新，查询，校验，数据库维护
31.1.1 安装：
rpm {-i|--install} [install options] package
-v：verbos
-vv:显示更多的详细信息
-h:以#显示程序包管理执行进度，每#表示2%的进度
rpm -ivh packagefile
[install-option]
--test:测试安装，但不真正执行安装过程
--nodeps：忽略依赖关系
--replacepkgs：重新安装
--nosignature：不检查来源合法性
--nodigest：不检查包完整性；
--noscripts：不执行程序包脚本片段preun
%pre:安装前脚本 --nopre
%post:安装后脚本 --nopost1
%preun：卸载前脚本 --nopreun
%postun：卸载后脚本--nopostun
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -qa | grep zsh
[root@localhost ~]# cd /media/cd-rom/Packages/
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm --test
Preparing... ################################# [
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7 ################################# [100%]
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm --replace
--replacefiles --replacepkgs
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm --replace
--replacefiles --replacepkgs
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -ivh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm --replacepkgs
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7 ################################# [100%]
[root@localhost Packages]#
31.1.2 升级
rpm {-U|--upgrade} [install options] package
rpm {-F|--freshen} [install options] package
upgrade:安装有旧版程序包，则升级；如果不存在旧版程序包，则安装
freeshen:安装有旧版程序包，则升级；如果不存在旧版程序包，则不执行
rpm -Uvh package
rpm -fvh package
--oldpackage:降级
--force：强行升级
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Uvh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
package zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64 is already installed
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Fvh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -e zsh
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Fvh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Uvh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7 ################################# [100%]
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -Uvh zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm --force
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:zsh-5.0.2-28.el7 ################################# [100%]
[root@localhost Packages]#
注意：（1）不要对内核做升级操作；linux支持多内核版本并存，因此直接安装新版本内核即可
（2）如果对元程序包的配置文件安装后曾被修改，升级时，新版本提供的配置文件并不会直接覆盖旧版本的配置文件，而是把新版本的文件重命名后保存（filename.rpmnew）
31.1.3 查询
rpm {-q|--query} [select options] [quire options]
[select options]
-a:所有包
-f:查看指定文件由那个程序包安装生成
-p /PATH/TO/PACKAGE：针对尚未安装的程序文件做查询操作
--whatprovides CAPABILITY：查询指定的CAPABILITY由哪个包所提供
--whatrequires CAPABILITY：查询指定的CAPABILITY被哪个包所依赖
[quire options]
--changelog:查询rpm包的changelog
-c:查询程序的配置文件
-d:查询程序的文档
-i:information
-l:查看指定程序包安装后生成的所有文件
--scripts:查看程序包自带的脚本片段
-R：查询指定的程序包所依赖的CAPABILITY
--provides：列出指定程序包所提供的CAPABILITY
用法：
-qi PACKAGE，-qc PACKAGE，-ql PACKAGE,-qd PACKAGE,
-qf FILE，
-qpi PACKAGE_FILE,-qpl PACKAGE_FILE,…
-qa
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qf zsh
error: file /media/cd-rom/Packages/zsh: No such file or directory
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qi zsh
Name : zsh
Version : 5.0.2
Release : 28.el7
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: Mon 02 Aug 2021 11:11:00 PM EDT
Group : System Environment/Shells
Size : 5855982
License : MIT
Signature : RSA/SHA256, Thu 10 Aug 2017 04:28:17 PM EDT, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM : zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.src.rpm
Build Date : Wed 02 Aug 2017 06:52:37 AM EDT
Build Host : c1bm.rdu2.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
Vendor : CentOS
URL : http://zsh.sourceforge.net/
Summary : Powerful interactive shell
Description :
The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login
shell and as a shell script command processor. Zsh resembles the ksh
shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements. Zsh supports
command line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable
command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history
mechanism, and more.
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qf /bin/zsh
zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qpi zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.x86_64.rpm
Name : zsh
Version : 5.0.2
Release : 28.el7
Architecture: x86_64
Install Date: (not installed)
Group : System Environment/Shells
Size : 5855982
License : MIT
Signature : RSA/SHA256, Thu 10 Aug 2017 04:28:17 PM EDT, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5
Source RPM : zsh-5.0.2-28.el7.src.rpm
Build Date : Wed 02 Aug 2017 06:52:37 AM EDT
Build Host : c1bm.rdu2.centos.org
Relocations : (not relocatable)
Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org>
Vendor : CentOS
URL : http://zsh.sourceforge.net/
Summary : Powerful interactive shell
Description :
The zsh shell is a command interpreter usable as an interactive login
shell and as a shell script command processor. Zsh resembles the ksh
shell (the Korn shell), but includes many enhancements. Zsh supports
command line editing, built-in spelling correction, programmable
command completion, shell functions (with autoloading), a history
mechanism, and more.
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qa | head -3
cups-pk-helper-0.2.6-2.el7.x86_64
teamd-1.25-5.el7.x86_64
ipxe-roms-qemu-20170123-1.git4e85b27.el7.noarch
[root@localhost Packages]#
31.1.4 卸载：
rpm {-e|--erase} PACKAGE_NAME
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -e zsh
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -qa | grep zsh
[root@localhost Packages]#
31.1.5 检验：
rpm {-V|--verify} [select-options] [verify-options]
S file Size differs
M Mode differs (includes permissions and file type)
5 digest (formerly MD5 sum) differs
D Device major/minor number mismatch
L readLink(2) path mismatch
U User ownership differs
G Group ownership differs
T mTime differs
P caPabilities differ
[root@localhost Packages]# vim /usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2/MACHINES
[root@localhost Packages]# rpm -V zsh
S.5....T. d /usr/share/doc/zsh-5.0.2/MACHINES
missing d /usr/share/man/man1/zshzle.1.gz
[root@localhost Packages]#
31.1.6 包来源合法性及完整性验证
完整性验证：SHA256
来源合法性验证：RSA
数据加密方法：
（1）对称加密：加密和解密使用同一个密码
（2）公钥加密（非对称加密）：每个密码都成对儿出现，一个为私钥(secret key)，一个为公钥(public key)，一个用来加密，一个用来解密
（3）单向加密，散列加密（可以由明文取得密文，但不能由密文取得明文）：提取数据特征码，常用于数据完整性校验
单向加密特点
雪崩效应（蝴蝶效应）：初始条件的微小改变会引起结果的巨大改变
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# cp /etc/inittab ./
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# md5sum inittab
66a88d6c4d693170753ea3382f8bc150 inittab
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# vim inittab
-bash: vim: command not found
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# vi inittab
[root@Daniel-R480 ~]# md5sum inittab
568c018aebe36cf208fc32c465e4b120 inittab
定长输出
MD5：Message Digest, 128位定长输出
SHA1：Secure Hash Algorithm, 160位定长输出
密码前面一般会有加上的杂质（salt），防止相同用户的密码显示的密文相同
31.1.7 导入所需要的公钥
rpm -import /PATH/FROM/GPG-PUBKEY-FILE
CentOS 7 发行版光盘提供的密钥文件：RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
[root@localhost cd-rom]# rpm -import RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
[root@localhost cd-rom]#
31.1.8 数据库重建
rpm {--initdb|--rebuilddb}
initdb:初始化
如果事先不存在数据库则新建之，否则，不执行任何操作
rebuilddb：重建
无论当前存在与否，直接重新创建数据库；
[root@localhost cd-rom]# rpm --initdb
[root@localhost cd-rom]# rpm --rebuilddb
[root@localhost cd-rom]#
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